farm kgm

> inactivated, voltage gated, Na+channels

The ionized form of local anesthetics is mainly responsible for which of the following properties of the drug

> receptor binding

What effect is observed for resorb effect of procaine

> in high doses - a violation of neuromuscular transmission

How does the blood pressure changes on administration of procaine

> decreases due to the blockade of the sympathetic ganglia

What drug causes useful systemic action

> lidocaine

Which preparations are used in the treatment of inflammation of the mucous membranes and skin

> astringent

Which group of drugs reduces pain, improves trophic organs and tissues, providing "evasive" action

> irritant

Mechanism of action of astringents drugs is

> decrease inflammatory process on the mucosa

Pick out the appropriate alimentary route of administration when passage of drugs through liver is minimized

> rectal

Half life (T ½) depends of

> time of drug absorption

Indication of the degree of absorption of drugs is

> bioavailability

What does determine the low oral bioavailability of drugs

> high hepatic clearance

Adenylate cyclase is activated by stimulation

> β 2 - adrenergic receptors

Directly related to ion channels

> GABA receptor

Which of the following terms describes the actions of a tablet on the body after ingestion and adsorption

> pharmacodynamics

The time it takes for the drug to eliminate 50% of the amount of its concentration in plasma or body is referred to us

> T 1|2 half life

Which of the following cell constituents most likely function as drug receptor

> +ion channel proteins

Which of the following terms best describes a specific region of the receptor molecule where the drug binds

> recognition site

Which of the following terms best defines activity higher than 0% and lower than 100%

> partial agonist

Hyperreactivity to a drug seen as a result of denervation

> supersensivity

Tolerance and drug resistance can be a consequence of

> increased metabolic degradation

Tolerance and drug resistance can be a consequence of

> change in receptors, loss of them or exhaustion of mediators

If an agonist can produce submaximal effects and has high efficacy it is called

> full agonist

If an agonist can produce submaximal effects and has moderate efficacy it is called

> partial agonist

The substance binding to one receptor subtype as an agonist and to another as antagonist is called

> agonist-antagonist

A hydrophilic medicinal agent has the following property

> low ability to penetrate through the cell membrane lipids

Inhibition of COX -1 would cause which of the following results

> gastric irritation

Inhibition of COX -1 would cause which of the following results

> bleeding

Tick narcotic analgesic, which is a phenylpiperidine derivative

> fentanyl

Which of the following NSAIDs is a propionic acid derivative

> ibuprofen

Which of the following NSAIDs is an indol derivative

> indomethacin

Which of the following NSAIDs is a pyrazolone derivative

> metamizole

Which of the following NSAIDs is an oxicam derivative

> piroxicam

Which of the following NSAIDs is a nonselective COX inhibitor

> piroxicam

Aspirin, NSAIDs, and acetaminophen can act by

> inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins

Shortest –acting benzodiazepine

> triazolam

Benzodiazepine antagonist

> flumazenil

Fast acting anesthetic: route of administration intravenous

> thiopental

Effective in managing acute ethanol withdrawal

> diazepam

Zolpidem

> binds selectively to GABA-A receptors that contain an alpha -1 subunut

Flumazenil

> may be used to reverse the effect of lorazepam

Name the neurotransmitters associated with anxiety

> 5 –HT

Name the neurotransmitters associated with anxiety

> norepinephrine

Name the neurotransmitters associated with anxiety

> GABA

Which drug is used for barbiturate derivatives poisoning

> activated charcoal

Which drug has anticonvulsant action

> diazepam

Which drug has both hypnotic and antiepileptic action

> phenobarbitone

What is the action of kinins

> cause pain

What is function of the COX-1 enzymes

> protects the stomach

In addition to inhibition of COX mefenamic acid can also

> blocks prostaglandin receptors

Epinephrine does not apply

> in allergic reactions of delayed type

Immunosuppressive effect of glucocorticoids is not related

\> violation of histamine synthesis

In hypersensitivity reaction of immediate type do not apply

> azathioprine

Some H-1 receptor blockers have effects on other tissue. One of the effects of these drugs on serotonin receptors is

> increased appetite

Which drug refers to antiseptics

> chloramine B

Antiseptic from the group of aldehyde is

> formalin

Antiseptic from the group of dyes is

> methylene blue

Aminoglycosides

> gentamicin

Tick the antitubercular drug, belonging to antibiotics

> rifampin

The absorption of drugs included in the concept

>pharmacokinetics

Drug administration through the digestive tract represents the term

>enteral administration

Suspension can’t be administered

>intravenous

Which of the following reaction is conjugation process

>glucuronide

Under the influence of hepatic microsomal enzyme inductors (eg, phenobarbital) synthesis of these enzymes

>increases

Which indicator determines the elimination rate of drug by biotransformation

>metabolic clearance

Rate of drug metabolism is reduced

>in children 1 st months of life

The rate of drug metabolism is reduced

>in elderly persons with liver diseases

Limited kidney filtration of

>substance that bound with plasma protein

Factors that affecting to total clearance of drug substances

>biotransformation rate

In which of the following organ occur microsomal biotransformation of drugs

>liver

Which of the following is typical for hydrophilic drug substances

> low ability to penetrate through lipid layers of cell membranes

The cytochrome P 450 system in the liver

> involves in oxidation process by microsomal enzymes

The rate of biotransformation of drugs pronounced change

> cytochrome P-450 inductors

The rate of biotransformation of drugs pronounced change

> cytochrome P-450 inhibitors

Hepatic microsomal enzyme induction may

> require increase dose of certain substances

To calculate the volume of drug distribution need to know

> the concentration of a substance in the plasma

Which compound easily penetrates through the blood-brain barrier

> lipophilic

Parenteral route of drug administration includes

> intramuscular

Parenteral route of drug administration includes

> inhalation

Features of rectal route of administration

> is suitable, if drug causes vomiting

Factors that affecting to drug in the stomach

> acidic environment

Drug acetylation means

> joining of acetic acid residue with acetyl-CoA participation

Drug acetylation means

> type of conjugation

Drug acetylation means

> chemical biotransformation type occurring in the liver

Which of the following feature has the process of microsomal oxidation of substances in the liver

> possibility of inhibition

Which of the following features has the process of microsomal oxidation of substances in the liver

> non-specificity of substrate

Which of the following features has the process of microsomal oxidation of substances in the liver

> the ability to induction

The prolongation of drug effect is achieved in

> enterohepatic circulation

The prolongation of drug effect is achieved in

> creation of storage in fat tissue

The rate of blood clearance from drug and its elimination from body is called

> clearance

The main route of drug elimination from body is

> kidneys

The intensity of passive diffusion of drug substances through the cell membrane is determined by

> degree of substance lipophilicity, concentration gradient

The intensity of passive diffusion of drug substances through the cell membrane is determined by

> concentration gradient of substance

Which parameter describes the duration of drug action

> half-life

Ketoprofen and naproxen are which class of drugs

> propionic acids

Which of the following results can be expected from an opioid agonist

> analgesia

Which of the following non-acidic componds is not a COX -2 inhibitor

> aspirin

Naloxone and Naltrexone are what class of drugs

> opioid antagonists

Pain most effectively relieved by opioid agonists

> severe ,constant pain

Prescribed to manage diarrhea

> loperamide

Chose the pure narcotic antagonist

> naltrexone

Chose the pure narcotic antagonist

> naloxone

The nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent that is also a competitive antagonist at alfa1-adrenoceptors is

> labetalol

Systolyc pressure is decreased after the injection of which of following drugs

> metoprolol

Which one of the following drugs is useful in treating tachycardia

> propranolol

Most cardioselective β1 adrenergic receptor antagonist

> atenolol

Examples of β2 adrenergic selective agonists

> terbutaline

β2 adrenergic receptor blockers: effects on the heart

> decrease force of contraction

Primary mechanism by which norepinephrine acutely increases BP

> vasoconstriction at precapillary resistance muscles and veins

Primary mechanism by which norepinephrine acutely increases BP

> increases heart rate

Principal receptors activated by norepinephrine^

> β 1 adrenergic

Principal receptors activated by norepinephrine^

> α 1 adrenergic

Used to suppress premature labor

> salbutamol

Rate –determining enzyme reaction in catecholamine biosynthesis

> tyrosine hydroxylase

Which drugs have the wider range of effects

> β- blockers

What is the primary use of a β-blocker

> hypertension

Side effects of α1-blockers

> first dose phenomenon

Contraindications for β-blockers

> acute asthmatic attack

Side effects of β- adrenergic blocker drug

> bronchoconstriction

Which of the following drugs is useful in the treatment of Parkinson′s disease

> benztropine

Which of the following antimuscarinic drugs is a selective M1 blocker

> pirenzepine

Pralidoxime chloride is a drug that

> reactivates cholinesterases that have been inhibited by organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors

Which enzyme is inhibited by echothiophate iodide

> acetylcholinesterase(AChE)

Neostigmine

> may result in bowel hypermotility, salivation, and sweating

Pilocarpine

> is used to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma

Direct acting cholinergic agonists

< pilocarpine

How to take pilocarpine

> eye drops

Where are muscarinic receptors found

> bronchial muscle

Where are nicotinic receptors found

> neuromuscular junction

Where are nicotinic receptors found

> adrenaline medullary cells

Where are nicotinic receptors found

> autonomic ganglia

The most common side effect seen with aerosol ipratropium is

> dry mouth and blurred vision

What is desirable effects of delivery of parasympatholytic agents

> decreased bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

The main desired effect of ipratropium bromide is

> COPD with airway obstruction

Mepivacaine most closely resembles which of the following drugs

> ropivacaine

Contains amide linkage agent

> lidocaine

What does the word "da"mean

> issued

What medicinal form refers to the solid dosage

> dragee

Therapeutic index (TI) is

> a ratio used to evaluate the safety and usefulness of a drug for indication

Pharmacodynamics involves the study of following

> mechanisms of drug action

Chemical interaction may results in

> inactivation

Physical interaction may results in

> formation of complexes

Pharmacodynamic interaction may results in

> changing of receptor sensitivity

Affinity is

> ability of substance to bind with specific receptors

The term “chemical antagonism” means that

> two drugs combine with one another to form an inactive compound

The loss of effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs is

> drug resistance

Section of pharmacology studying the role of genetic factors in changing action of drugs

> pharmacogenetics

A rapid reduction in the effect of a given dose of drug after only one or two doses

> tachyphylaxis

Immunologically mediated reaction to drug observed soon after administration

> anaphylaxis

The action of medicinal substances in the last trimester of pregnancy studies

> perinatal pharmacology

Therapeutic index (TI) is

> a ratio used to evaluate the safety and usefulness of a drug for indication

Tachyphylaxis is

> very rapidly developing tolerance

Which effect may lead to toxic reactions when a drug is taken continuously or repeatedly

> cumulative effect

Pick out the correct definition of a toxic dose

> the amount of substance to produce effects hazardous for an organism

Give the definition for a therapeutical dose

> the amount of a substance to produce the required effect in most patients

A competitive antagonist is a substance that

> binds to the same receptor site and progressively inhibits the agonist response

An antagonist is a substance that

> binds to the receptors without directly altering their functions

Mutagenic action of drugs is

> damage of the genetic apparatus leading to a change in the genotype of the offspring

A competitive antagonist is a substance that

> binds to the same receptor site and progressively inhibits the agonist response

Intrinsic activity is a drug’s ability to elicit

> response

What discipline study drug therapy in children

> pediatric pharmacology

Which route of administration of drugs has maximum of bioavailability

> intravenous

Metabolic transformation – is

> conversion of drugs due to oxidation , reduction , hydrolysis

Types of cumulation is

> material

What does mean the term clearance

> measure of the body ’ s ability to eliminate of drugs

Systemic clearance (CLs) is related with

> volume of distribution, half life and elimination rate constant

The volume of distribution (Vd) relates

> the amount of a drug in the body to the concentration of a drug in plasma

What is characteristic of the intramuscular route of drug administration

> oily solutions can be injected

Pick out the parenteral route of medicinal agent administration

> subcutaneus

Tick the feature of the sublingual route

> pretty fast absorption

What is characteristic of the oral route

> absorption depends on GI tract secretion and motor function

The reasons determing bioavailability are

> extent of absorption and hepatic first-pass effect

What kind of substances can’t permeate membranes by passive diffusion

> hydrophilic substances

The main mechanism of most drugs absorption in GI tract is

> passive diffusion (lipid diffusion)

What does “pharmacokinetics” include

> excretion of substances

What does “pharmacokinetics” include

> distribution of drugs in the organism

What does “pharmacokinetics” include

> drug biotransformation in the organism

What process refers to the second phase of biotransformation

> acetylation

What is metabolic transformation (phase 1)

> transformation of substance due to oxidation, restoration and hydrolysis

For what type of drug microsomal oxidation is the leading

> for lipophilic

In liver and kidney functional insufficiency

> increases risk of toxic effects

The concept of term "metabolism"

> chemical changes that undergo by drug in body

The concept of "presystemic elimination" is

> remove of substance until it enters to systemic circulation

The concept of "renal clearance" is

> the clearance rate of substance from a specific volume of plasma (blood) per unit of time

The concept of "half-life" is

> the time during which substance content in plasma is reduced by 50%

The concept of "bioavailability" is

> the amount of unchanged substance in blood plasma relative to the initial dose

Drug storage in the blood plasma

> prolong their action

The elimination half-life of substances

> depends on the ability to be storage in the tissues

Ionized compounds

> poorly absorbed in GIT

The term "bioavailability" means

> amount of unchanged substance in plasma relative to administered dose

"The elimination half-life" is

> the reduction time of substance content in the plasma by 50% of administered amount

Biotransformation is

> physico-chemical and biochemical transformation complexes of substance in the organism

What is meant by the term presystemic (first pass) elimination

>loss of part of drug at the first passage through the liver

Pharmacokinetics studies

>patterns of absorption, distribution, transformation and excretion of drugs

Metabolictransformationreaction

>hydrolysis > restoration

What is presystemic (first pass) metabolism

>changing substance concentration after first pass of drug through liver

Total clearance — measure

>elimination of drug from organism

Total clearance is the sum of

>excretory and metabolic clearance

Hepatic clearance is

>the rate of blood clearance from drug

Metabolictransformation reaction

>hydrolysis

Metabolic transformation reaction

>oxidation

Bioavailability is

>the percentage of dose that reached systemic blood stream

Enteral routes of drug administration include

>transbuccal

Enteral routes of drug administration include

>rectal

Enteral routes of drug administration include

>sublingual

Enteral route of drug administration includes

>oral

The concept of “pharmacokinetics” includes

>absorption of drug

The concept of “pharmacokinetics” includes

excretion of drug from organism

The concept of “pharmacokinetics” includes

>drug distribution

The concept of “pharmacokinetics” includes